How urban planning practices contribute to adaptive capacity building for economic resilience
Downloads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24306/plnxt/51Keywords:
Evolutionary resilience, experimentation, social learning, adaptive capacity, temporary use, BremenAbstract
Amongst the proliferation of practice- and theory-based concepts that are changing urban planning, the renaissance of resilience is proving its potential for impressive implications instead of remaining a brief trend. This paper considers the affordances of an evolutionary and adaptive resilience framing for planning policy and practice in relation to economic development. Specifically, the research presented here explores the explanatory and analytical values of resilience through transformative collective action that incites experimentation, social learning and adaptive capacity building through entrepreneurial temporary uses. In the spotlight is Bremen’s temporary use policy of ZwischenZeitZentrale, through which temporary use is managed in the wake of economic and structural change. This softer form of policy demonstrates how planning mechanisms can complement strategies to address hurdles following gradual forms of crises. Through the case study of Plantage 9, an illustration of collective action is anchored by entrepreneurial temporary use that enable temporary users, temporary use managers and public administrations to build adaptive capacity for economic resilience.
Published
Issue
Section
References
Ahern, J. (2010). Planning and design for sustainable and resilient cities: theories, strategies and best practices for green infrastructure. In V. Novotny, J. Ahern & P. Brown (Ed.), Water centric sustainable communities: Planning, Retrofitting, and Building the Next Urban Environment (pp. 135–176). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley.
Ahern, J. (2011). From fail-safe to safe-to-fail: Sustainability and resilience in the new urban world. Landscape and Urban Planning. 100(4): pp. 341–343.
Altrock, U. & Huning, S. (2015). Cultural interventions in urban public spaces and performative planning: Insights from shrinking cities in Eastern Germany, Chapter 8. In C. Tornaghi & S. Knierbein (Ed.), Public space and relational perspectives: New challenges for architecture and planning (pp. 148–166). London [u.a.]: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
Andres, L. (2012). Differential Spaces, Power Hierarchy and Collaborative Planning: A Critique of the Role of Temporary Uses in Shaping and Making Places. Urban Studies. 50(4): pp. 759–775.
Arieff, A. (2011). Temporary Is the New Permanent: Despite their co-option by marketing teams, the pop-up remains a sharp tool in the urban revitalization kit. Retrieved May 31, 2016, from http://www.citylab.com/design/2011/09/temporary-new-permanent/125/
Berkes, F. (2009). Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning. Journal of environmental management. 90(5): pp. 1692–1702.
Biermann, M., Hillmer-Pegram, K., Knapp, C. N., & Hum, R. E. (2015). Approaching a critical turn?: A content analysis of the politics of resilience in key bodies of resilience literature. Resilience. 4(2): pp. 1–20.
Bishop, P. & Williams, L. (2012). Temporary urbanism: drivers and conditions, in: P. Bishop & L. Williams (Eds.), The Temporary City (pp. 21–35). London, New York: Routledge.
Blumner, N. (2006).Planning for the Unplanned: Tools and Techniques for Interim Use in Germany and the United States. Berlin.
BMVBS & BBR. (2008). Zwischennutzungen und Nischen im Städtebau als Beitrag für eine nachhaltige Stadtentwicklung [The Impact of Temporary Use of Land and Buildings on Sustainable Urban Development] (Werkstatt: Praxis No. 57). Bonn: Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung, & Bundesamt für Bauwesen und Raumordnung.
Bodin, Ö., Ramirez-Sanchez, S., Ernstson, H., & Prell, C. (2011). A social relational approach to natural resource governance. In Ö. Bodin & C. Prell (Ed.), Social networks and natural resource management: Uncovering the social fabric of environmental (pp 3–28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bodin, Ö. & Prell, C. (2011). Social networks and natural resource management: Uncovering
the social fabric of environmental governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Boschma, R. (2015). Towards an Evolutionary Perspective on Regional Resilience, Regional. Studies. 49(5): pp. 733–751.
Bruckmeier, K. (2016). Social-Ecological Transformation: Reconnecting Society and Nature. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Carpenter, S. R., Brock, W. A., & Ludwig, D. (2002). COLLAPSE, LEARNING, AND RENEWAL, Chapter 7. In L. H. Gunderson & C. S. Holling (Ed.), Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems (pp. 173–193). Washington, D.C., London: Island Press.
Colomb, C. (2012a). Pushing the Urban Frontier: Temporary Uses of Space, City Marketing, and the Creative City Discourse in 2000s Berlin. Journal of Urban Affairs. 34(2): pp. 131–152.
Colomb, C. (2012b). Staging the New Berlin: Place marketing and the politics of urban reinvention post-1989. London: Routledge.
Courvisanos, J., Jain, A., & K. Mardaneh, K. (2014). Economic Resilience of Regions under Crises: A Study of the Australian Economy. Regional Studies. 50(4): pp. 629–643.
Cretney, R. (2014). Resilience for Whom?: Emerging Critical Geographies of Socio-ecological Resilience. Geography Compass. 8(9): pp. 627–640.
Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: A Bridging Concept or a Dead End? “Reframing” Resilience: Challenges for Planning Theory and Practice Interacting Traps: Resilience Assessment of a Pasture Management System in Northern Afghanistan Urban Resilience: What Does it Mean in Planning Practice? Resilience as a Useful Concept for Climate Change Adaptation? The Politics of Resilience for Planning: A Cautionary Note, Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2): pp. 299–333.
Dettmar, J. (2005). Forests for Shrinking Cities? The Project “Industrial Forests of the Ruhr”. In I. Kowarik & S. Körner (Ed.), Wild urban woodlands: New perspectives for urban forestry / Ingo Kowarik, Stefan Körner (pp. 263–276). Berlin and New York: Springer.
Elisei, P. (2014). Baseline Study: Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration. Available at http://urbact.eu/fileadmin/Projects/TUTUR/documents_media/BASELINE_TUTUR_ 032014PDF.pdf (accessed 10 November 2014).
Ernstson, H., van der Leeuw, S. E., Redman, C. L., Meffert, D. J., Davis, G., Alfsen, C., & Elmqvist, T. (2010). Urban Transitions: On Urban Resilience and Human-Dominated Ecosystems, AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 39(8): pp. 531–545. Ernstson, H. (2011). Transformative collective action: a network approach to transformative change in ecosystem-based management. In Ö. Bodin & C. Prell (Eds), Social networks and natural resource management: Uncovering the social fabric of environmental governance (pp. 255–287). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
European Commission (2015). EU Resilience Compendium: Saving Lives and Livelihoods.
Retrieved March 19, 2018, from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/policies/resilience/eu_resilience_compendium_en.pdf Ferreri, M. (2015). The seductions of temporary urbanism | ephemera. Ephemera. 15(1): pp. 181–191.
Hall, P. (2014). Cities of tomorrow: An intellectual history of urban planning and design since 1880, Fourth edition. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
Hasemann, O. & Schnier, D. (2014). Ratatouille [Ratatouille]: Räumliche Bedarfsanalyse der Kultur- und Kreativwirtschaft in Bremerhaven [Spatial analysis of culture and the creative economy in Bremerhaven]. Bremen: ZZZ - ZwischenZeitZentrale Bremen. Retrieved January 28, 2016 from http://www.bis-bremerhaven.de/sixcms/media.php/631/AAA_BHV-BIS_RZ_WEB_Brosch%FCre_140701.pdf.
Hasemann, O., & Schnier, D. (2015a). Follow-Up Interview with ZZZ in November 2015, Bremen.
Hasemann, O., & Schnier, D. (2015b). Interview with ZZZ in March 2015, Bremen. Hasemann, O., Schnier, D., Angenendt, A., & Osswald, S. (Ed.) (2017). Building platforms. Berlin: Jovis.
Hasemann, O. & Schnier, D. (2018). Set temporary use as a normal service, Ghent, 2018. Holden, M., Robinson, J., & Sheppard, S. (2016). From Resilience to Transformation Via a Regenerative Sustainability Development Path. In Y. Yamagata & H. Maruyama (Ed.) Urban Resilience: A Transformative Approach (pp. 295–319) Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
Hollander, J. B., Pallagst, K., Schwarz, T., & Popper, F. J. (2009). Planning shrinking cities. Progress in Planning. 72(4): pp. 223–232.
Hou, J. (2010). Insurgent public space: Guerrilla urbanism and the remaking of contemporary cities. London: Routledge.
Kil, W. (2014). Right to stay at the highest offer?. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung (IzR). (2): pp. 122–127.
Lecke-Lopatta, T. (2018). Interview with Thomas Lecke-Lopatta on September 11, 2018
[Interview with the Department for Spatial Planning, Urban Development and Land use Planning from the Senate for Environment, Building, and Transportation], Bremen.
Liddo, A. de & Concilio, G. (2017). Making Decision in Open Communities: Collective Actions in the Public Realm. Group Decision and Negotiation. 26(5): pp. 847–856.
Lokman, K. (2017). Vacancy as a laboratory: design criteria for reimagining social-ecological systems on vacant urban lands. Landscape Research. 42 (7): pp. 728–746.
Lydon, M., Bartman, D., Woudstra, R., & Khawarzad, A. (2012). Tactical Urbanism Volume 1: Short-term Action || Long-term Change, The Street Plans Collaborative. Retrieved on March 29, 2016, from http://issuu.com/streetplanscollaborative/docs/tactical_urbanism_vol.1.
Madanipour, A. (2018). Temporary use of space: Urban processes between flexibility, opportunity and precarity. Urban Studies. 55 (5): pp. 1093–1110.
Malki, S. (2009). Social Entrepreneurship and Complexity Models, Chapter 4, in: J. A. Goldstein, J. K. Hazy & J. Silberstang (Ed.), Complexity science and social entrepreneurship: Adding social value through systems thinking (pp. 71-81). Litchfield Park, AZ: ISCE Pub.
Martin, R. (2011). Regional economic resilience, hysteresis and recessionary shocks. Journal of Economic Geography. 12(1): pp. 1–32.
Matthiesen, U., Misselwitz, P., Kaltenbrunner, R., & Willinger, S. (2014). The Importance of the Informal in Urban Development, Informationen zur Raumentwicklung (IzR), (2): pp. 85–94.
Oswalt, P., Overmeyer, K., & Misselwitz, P. (2013) Urban catalyst: The power of temporary use. Berlin: Dom Pub. residual areas in European metropolises, Berlin: studio urban catalyst. Retrieved April 4, 2017, from http://www.templace.com/think-pool/attach/download/1_UC_finalR_synthesis007b.pdf
Overmeyer, K. (2003). Strategies for temporary uses – potential for development of urban residual areas in European metropolises, Berlin: studio urban catalyst. Retrieved April 4, 2017, from http://www.templace.com/think-pool/attach/download/1_UC_finalR_synthesis007b.pdf
Pala, U. (2019). Interview with Ulrike Pala on April 26, 2019 [Interview with the Director of the Urban District of Bremen West], Bremen.
Pendall, R., Foster, K. A., & Cowell, M. (2010). Resilience and regions: building understanding of the metaphor. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 3(1): pp. 71–84. Pike, A., Dawley, S., & Tomaney, J. (2010). Resilience, adaptation and adaptability. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 3(1): pp. 1–12.
Pizzo, B. (2015). Problematizing resilience: Implications for planning theory and practice. Cities. 43: pp. 133–140.
Plantage 9. (2011). Die Plantage 9 wird genutzt: Von uns. Retrieved January 3, 2015 from http://zzz-bremen.de/assets/Uploads/Plantage_neun_mail.pdf
Plöger, J. (2008a). Bremen City Report (CASEreport No. 39). London: Center for Analysis of Social Exclusion.
Plöger, J. (2008b). Case Study 3: Bremen’s Innovation Policy (CASEreport No. 52). London. Plöger, J. & Kohlaas-Weber, I. (2013). Shock-proof cities? The impact of and responses to the recent financial and economic crisis in older industrial cities. Journal of Urban Regeneration and Renewal. 7(2): pp. 1–14.
Das Statistik-Portal. Population and Unemployment rates (2019), Years 1968 until 2017. Power, A., Plöger, J., & Winkler, A. (2010). Phoenix cities: The fall and rise of great industrial cities. Bristol: Policy Press.
Rodin, J. (2014). The resilience dividend: Being strong in a world where things go wrong, First edition. New York: Public Affairs.
Scholz, V., & Mollenhauer, O. (2018). Interview with Plantage 9 on September 9, 2018, Bremen.
Silva, J. d. (2015). City Resilience Index: Understanding and measuring city resilience, ARUP. Retrieved September 2, 2016 from https://assets.rockefellerfoundation.org/app/uploads/20171206110244/170223_CRI-Brochure.pdf
Simmie, J. & Martin, R. (2010). The economic resilience of regions: Towards an evolutionary approach. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society. 3(1): pp. 27–43.
Stumpp, E.-M. (2013). New in town? On resilience and “Resilient Cities”. Cities. 32: pp. 164–166.
Swanstrom, T. (2008). Regional Resilience: A Critical Examination of the Ecological Framework, Institue of Urban and Regional Development, Macarthur Foundation Research Network on Building Resilient Regions. Retrieved August 22, 2017 from https://iurd.berkeley.edu/wp/2008-07.pdf
Take, K., & Tendahl, T. (2019). Interview with Wirtschaftsförderung Bremen on Temporary Use on February 21, 2019, Bremen.
Taşan-kok, T., Stead, D., & Lu, P. (2012). Conceptual Overview of Resilience: History and Context. In A. Eraydin & T. Tasan-Kok (Ed.) Resilience thinking in urban planning (pp. 39–51) Springer Science & Business Media.
The REFILL Network. (2018). A Journey through Temporary Use. Ghent: The REFILL Network.
Tornaghi, C. & Knierbein, S. (2015). Public space and relational perspectives: New challenges for architecture and planning. London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis.
URBACT. (2015). Temporary Use as a Tool for Urban Regeneration (2015). Complete Overview. Retrieved November 13, 2014 from https://urbact.eu/tutur-complete-overview UN-Habitat (2017). Trends in Urban Resilience 2017. Nairobi: UN-Habitat.
Van Karnenbeek, L. & Janssen-Jansen, L. (2018). Playing by the rules? Analysing incremental urban developments. Land Use Policy. 72: pp. 402–409.
Voß, J.-P. & Bornemann, B. (2011). The politics of reflexive governance: challenges for designing adaptive management and transition management. Ecology and Society. 16(2). Webb, D. (2018). Tactical Urbanism: Delineating a Critical Praxis. Planning Theory & Practice. 19(1): pp. 58–73.
Wesener, A. (2015). Temporary urbanism and urban sustainability after a natural disaster: Transitional community-initiated open spaces in Christchurch, New Zealand. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability. 8(4): pp. 1–17
Willinger, S. (2014). Governance of the informal. Considerations of planning theory. Informationen zur Raumentwicklung (IzR). (2): pp. 147–156.
Wohl, S. (2017). Tactical urbanism as a means of testing relational processes in space: A complex systems perspective. Planning Theory.17(4): pp. 1–22.
Zehner, C. & Hoffmann, H. (2007). Grünzeit. Zwischennutzung von Brachflächen. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH.
ZZZ - ZwischenZeitZentrale Bremen. (2012). 2nd Hand Spaces: Die Nutzung vakanter Orte als participative Praktik [The Use of Vacant Locations as Participative Practice]. Bremen: ZZZ - ZwischenZeitZentrale Bremen.
