Reflections on the iterative design process
Downloads
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24306/plnxt/62Keywords:
case study, iterative design, role-play, serious game, urban designAbstract
Civic engagement in decision-making concerning the built environment has become a widely acknowledged practice. Today this is no longer about the dilemma of civic engagement, but rather about the best strategy for the purpose. Games and gamified applications are gaining popularity as efficient tools for civic engagement, which attract and retain participants, as well as foster learning and experimentation. The article presents the case of a role-play urban design game, Participation Game, which was developed in the iterative design process. The initial prototype of the game was transformed from session to session based on the player feedback, collected through questionnaires and debriefings, as well as the analysis of video recordings of game sessions. The overarching goals of the game were, firstly, to familiarise the audience with public hearings of urban design related projects, and, secondly, to find out how the changes in the setup of the game influence the player experience and the outcomes. The findings indicate that game setup limits the opportunities for discussion, and might even steer it towards desirable (for game authors) outcomes.
Published
Issue
Section
References
Ampatzidou, C., Gugerell, K., Constantinescu, T., Devisch, O., Jauschneg, M., & Berger, M. (2018). All Work and No Play? Facilitating Serious Games and Gamified Applications in Participatory Urban Planning and Governance. Urban Planning, 3, 34-46.
Brown, G., and Chin, S. Y. W. (2013). Assessing the Effectiveness of Public Participation in Neighbourhood Planning. Planning Practice and Research. Planning practice & Research, 28, 563-588.
Cameron, K. (2004, March 1). Using a B.U.G. to Promote Urban Design. Metropolis. Retrieved May 1, 2019, from www.metropolismag.com.
Constantinescu, T. I., Devisch, O., & Kostov, G. (2017). City Makers. International Journal of E-Planning Research, 6, 32-56.
Coppock P.J., & Ferri, G. (2013). Serious Urban Games. From play in the city to play for the city. In Giaccardi C., Tarantino M., Tosoni S. (Ed.) Media and the City: Urbanism, Technology and Communication (Geography, Anthropology, Recreation) (pp. 120-134). Cambridge: Scholars Publisher.
Dörner, R., & Spierling, U. (2014). Serious Games Development as a Vehicle for Teaching Entertainment Technology and Interdisciplinary Teamwork. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Workshop on Serious Games - SeriousGames ’14 (3–8). New York, NY, USA: ACM.
Duke, R. D. (2011). Origin and Evolution of Policy Simulation: A Personal Journey. Simulation & Gaming, 42, 342–358.
Feldt, A. (2014). Experience with Simulation / Gaming: 1960 - 2010. Simulation & Gaming, 45, 283–305.
Gee, J. P. (2013). Good Video Games and Good Learning: Collected Essays on Video Games, Learning and Literacy (New Literacies and Digital Epistemologies). New York, Bern, Berlin, Bruxelles, Frankfurt am Main, Oxford, Wien: Peter Lang Inc., International Academic Publishers.
Geher G. (2018). Video Games and Emotional States: Why your kid is addicted to Fortnite. Psychology Today, September 03. Retrieved July 1, 2019, from www.psychologytoday.com.
Gordon, E., & Baldwin-Philippi, J. (2014). Playful civic learning: Enabling reflection and lateral trust in game-based public participation. International Journal of Communication, 8, 759–786.
Gordon, E., Haas, J., & Michelson, B. (2017). Civic creativity: Role-playing games in deliberative process. International Journal of Communication, 11, 3789-3807.
Gugerell, K., & Zuidema, C. (2017). Gaming for the energy transition. Experimenting and learning in co-designing a serious game prototype. Journal of Cleaner Production, 169, 105-116.
Horelli L. (2002) A methodology of participatory planning. In Bechtel R. B., and Churchman A. (Eds) Handbook of Environmental Psychology (607-628). New York : Wiley.
Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (1999). Consensus Building as Role Playing and Bricolage. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65, 9–26.
Irvin, R., & Stansbury, J. (2004). Citizen Participation in Decision Making: Is It Worth the Effort? Public Administration Review, 64, 55–65.
Johnson, I. G., MacDonald, A., Briggs, J., Manuel, J., Salt, K., Flynn, E., & Vines, J. (2017).
Community Conversational. Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (2320–2333). New York, NY, USA: ACM.
Khaled, R., & Vasalou, A. (2014). Bridging serious games and participatory design. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 2, 93–100.
Laureyssens, T., Coenen, T., Claeys, L., Mechant, P., Criel, J., & Van De Moere, A. (2014). ZWERM: A modular component network approach for an urban participation game. In Jones, M., Palanque, P., Schmidt, A., & Grossman, T. (Ed.) Proceedings of the 32nd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (3259–3268). New York, NY, USA: ACM.
Prandi, C., Roccetti, M., Salomoni, P., Nisi, V., & Nunes, N. J. (2017). Fighting exclusion: a multimedia mobile app with zombies and maps as a medium for civic engagement and design. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 76, 4951-4979.
Prilenska, V., Paadam, K., & Liias, R. (2019) Civic engagement in the (post-socialist) transitional society: two case studies. In Čamprag, N. & Anshika, S. (Ed.) Three Decades of Post-socialist Transition. Conference Proceedings (287-294). Darmstadt: TU prints.
Rowe, G., & Frewer, L. J. (2000). Public participation methods: A framework for evaluation. Science Technology and Human Values, 25, 3-29.
Sanoff, H. (2000). Community participation methods in design and planning. Wiley.
Shipley, R., & Utz, S. (2012). Making it Count: A Review of the Value and Techniques for Public Consultation. Journal of Planning Literature, 27, 22–42.
Tan, E. (2014). Negotiation and Design for the Self-Organizing City. Gaming as a method for Urban Design. TU Delft.
Thiel, S. K., Ertio, T. P., & Baldauf, M. (2017). Why so serious? The Role of Gamification on Motivation and Engagement in e-Participation. Interaction Design and Architectures, 35, 158-181.
van Dijk, T., & Ubels, H. (2016). How Dutch professionals conduct interactive design sessions to foster ‘shared understanding.’ Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 43, 464-479.
Wilson, A., Tewdwr-Jones, M., & Comber, R. (2019). Urban planning, public participation and digital technology: App development as a method of generating citizen involvement in local planning process. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 6, 286–302.
Winn, B. M. (2009. The Design, Play, and Experience Framework. In Ferding R. (Ed.) Handbook of Research on Effective Electronic Gaming in Education (1010–1024). Hershey, PA, USA: Information Science Reference.
G. N. Yannakakis and A. Paiva, Emotion in Games, Calvo R., D’Mello S., Gratch J., and Kappas A. (Eds.) Handbook of Aff ective Computing, 2014. Oxford University Press.
