The spatialisation struggle

The heritage of open spaces in Baghdad

Authors

Downloads

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24306/plnxt.2016.02.004

Keywords:

Baghdad, Open Space, Urban Planning, Heritage, Urban History

Abstract

This article explores the significance of open space to the formation of local culture and identity. Rejecting any absolute categorisation of open-public and closed-private space, the essay attempts to redefine open space, in order to make it more suitable to specific case studies outside the western democratic discourse within which it is often used. Space is a process, shaping the world around it as much as it is shaped by its own circumstances. This also implies that the experience of space is highly pluralistic, a notion made exceedingly clear in the changing structure and meaning of space throughout Baghdad’s history. In light of recent crises in Baghdad the discussion of its spaces has become critical. By analysing the evolution of Baghdad from a spatial perspective, I will explore how embodied experiences interact with the cognitive readings of space within the case of Baghdad. I aim to show the significance of open space to the self-identification of an urban population. This to suggest its immense value to the improvement of cultural heritage management, especially in conflict areas.

Published

2016-04-01

Issue

Section

Research article

References

Abbas, S.S. & Al-Dujaili, S.H.A. (2013). Historical Paths and the Growth of Baghdad Old Centre. Journal of Engineering. 19(9): 1073-1093.

Ager, S.L. & Faber, R. (2013). Belonging and isolation in the Hellenistic world. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Press.

Agnew, N., Myers, D. & Palumbo, G. (2009). The GCI-WMF Iraq Cultural Heritage Conservation Initiative: Building Professional Capacity for Cultural Heritage Conservation and Management. Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites. 11(3-4): 340-50.

Ahola, J. & Osti, L. (2013). Appendix: Baghdad at the Time of Al-Muqtadir. In van Berkel, M., El Cheikh, N., Kennedy, H. & Osti L. (eds.) Crisis and continuity and the Abbasid Court. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.

Al-Akkam, A.J.M. (2013). Urban Heritage in Baghdad: Toward a Comprehensive Sustainable Framework. Journal of Sustainable Development. 6(2): 39-55.

Al-Bagdadi, A.K. (trans. 1904). L’ introduction topographique á l’histoire de Bagdâdh d’Aboû Bakr Ahmad Ibn Thâbit Al-Khatîb al-Bagdâdhî. Paris: Bouillon.

Al-Hasani, M.K. (2012). Urban Space Transformation in Old City of Baghdad. Megaron, 7(S1): 79-90.

Al-Musawi, M.J. (2009). The Islamic Context of the Thousand and One Nights. New York: Columbia University Press.

Al-Salam, I.A. (1998). Architectural Characteristics of The Islamic City. Fountain Magazine. Iss. 21.

Antrim, Z. (2012). Routes and realms. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Arrian. (trans. 2004) Anabasis of Alexander. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bachelard, G. (2010). The Poetics of Space. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.

Bakare, L. (2011). Architecture – modernism v traditionalism. The Guardian. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/aug/05/ar-chitecture-modernism-vs-traditionalism-olympics

Balina, M. & Dobrenko, E. (2011). Petrified Utopis: Happiness Soviet Style. London: Anthem Press.

Ibn Battuta. (trans. 1982). Voyages. Paris: Maspero.

Bosworth, C.E. (2007). Historic cities of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill.

Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. Iraq Cultural Heritage Initiative. Cultural Heritage Centre. Retrieved December 22, 2015, from http://eca.state.gov/cultural-heri-tage-center/iraq-cultural-heritage-initiative

Burton, R.F. (1885). The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night. London: The Burton Club.

Cahen, C. (1962). Baġdād au Temps de ses Derniers Califes. Arabica. 9(3): 289-302.

Calhoun, C. (1989). Tiananmen, Television and the Public Sphere. Public Culture. 2(1): 54-71.

Canard, M. (1962). Baġdād au IVe Siècle de l’Hégire (Xe siècle de l’ère chrétienne). Arabica. 9(3): 267-287.

Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L.G. & Stone, A.M. (1992). Public Space. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Cesariano, C. d. L. (1521). De Architectura. Como: Cesariano.

Chandrasekaran, R. (2006). Imperial Life in the Emerald City: Inside Iraq’s Green Zone. New York: Aflred A. Knopf Inc.

Crilley, D. (1993). Megastructures and Urban Change: Aesthetics, Ideology and Design. In Knox, P. (ed.) The Restless Urban Landscape. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Dannenfeldt, K.H. (1968). Leonhard Rauwolf. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press.

Dumper, M. & Stanley, B.E. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. Oxford: ABC-CLIO.

Elsheshtawy, Y. (2004). Planning Middle Eastern Cities. London: Routledge.

Embassy of the United States in Baghdad, Iraq (2011). Iraq Cultural Heritage Project. Cultural Heritage Projects. Retrieved December 22, 2015, from http://iraq.usembassy. gov/projects.html

Evliya, C. (trans. 1988). Evliya Çelebi’s book of travels. Volume 4. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Foucault, M. (1984). Of Other Spaces, Heterotopias. Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité. 5: 46-49.

Fregonese, S. (2012). Urban Geopolitics 8 Years on: Hybrid Sovereignties, the Everyday, and Geographies of Peace. Geography Compass. 6(5): 290-303.

Gebhardt, H. (2008). Urban Governance im Libanon. Studien zu Akteuren und Konflikten in der städtischen Entwicklung nach dem Bürgerkrieg. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Geographische Studien.

Ghaidan, U. (2008). Damage to Iraq’s Wider Heritage. In Peter G. Stone and Joanne

F. Bajjaly (eds.) The Destruction of Cultural Heritage in Iraq. Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer Ltd.

Global Heritage Fund. The Iraq Heritage Program – Saving Our Cradles of Civilization. Open Context. Retrieved December 22, 2015, from http://opencontext.org/projects/GHF1PRJ0000000025

Golubeva, Y. (2011). Evolutionary approach towards redevelopment of historical sites versus complete erasure. Case study Kadhimiya historical centre, Baghdad, Iraq, 47th International Society of City and Regional Planners Congress.

Gordon, D. (2006). Planning Twentieth Century Capital Cities. London: Routledge.

Hartley, J. (1992). The Politics of Pictures. London: Routledge.

Hillier, B. (2007). Space is the Machine. London: Space Syntax.

Hourani, A.H. & Stern, S.M. (1970). The Islamic City. Oxford: Cassirer.

Howell, P. (1993). Public Space and the Public Sphere. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 11: 303-322.

Irwin, R. (2003). The Arabian Nights: A Companion. London: I.B. Tauris.

Isakhan, B. (2011). Targeting the Symbolic Dimension of Baathist Iraq: Cultural Destruction, Historical Memory, and National Identity. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication. 4(3): 257-281.

Jones, J. F., & Collingwood, W. (1854). Ground plan of the enceinte of Baghdad: The capital of Irak-Mesopotamia, called also Dar-es-Selam and Medinet-al-Kholafa in Arab

M. S.S. Bombay: Government at the Bombay Education Society’s Press.

Kennedy, H. (2004). The True Caliph of the Arabian Nights. History Today. 54(9). Retrieved April 25, 2015, from http://www.historytoday.com/hugh-kennedy/true-ca-liph-arabian-nights

Khalidi, T. (1994). Arabic historical thought in the classical period. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kiet, A. (2011). Arab Culture and Urban Form. Focus. 8(1): 36-45.

Kullab, S. (2014). Fight builds for Beirut’s cultural heritage. Al Jazeera. Retrieved December 22, 2015, from http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/09/leba-non-beirut-cultural-heritage-roadway-201491212562380961.html

Lang, J. (2005). Urban Design: A Typology of Procedures and Products. Burlington, MA: Elsevier/Architectural Press

Lassner, J. (1966). Massignon and Baghdad. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 9(1/2): 1-27.

Lassner, J. (1968). The Caliph’s Personal Domain. Kunst des Orients. 5(1): 24-36.

Lefebvre, H. (1968). Le Droit à la Ville. Paris: Anthropos.

Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

LeStrange, G. (1900 [1983]). Baghdad during the Abbasid Caliphate. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Levine, N. (2015). Plan for the Expansion of Baghdad Anchored by a Cultural Center, 1957. In The Urbanism of Frank Lloyd Wright. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Levy, R. (2011). A Baghdad Chronicle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Lodder, C., Kokkori, M. & Mileeva, M. (2013). Utopian Reality: Reconstructing Culture in Revolutionary Russia and Beyond. Leiden: Brill.

Low, S. and Smith, N. (eds) (2013) The Politics of Public Space. London: Routledge.

Makiya, K. (1991). The Monument. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.

Makiya, K. (1998). Republic of Fear. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.

Mantran, R. (1962). Bagdad à l’Epoque Ottoman. Arabica. 9(3): 311-324.

Marozzi, J. (2014). Baghdad: the psychological toll of being the world’s most attacked city. The Guardian. Retrieved December 18, 2015, from http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jun/20/baghdad-iraq-psychological-toll-worlds-most-attacked-city

Marston, S. (1990). Who are “The People”. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space. 8: 449-458.

Marzolph, U. (2006). The Arabian Nights Reader. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.

Massignon, L. (1910). Mission en Mésopotamie (1907-1908). Le Caire: Impr. de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale.

Massignon, L. & Blachère, R. (1962). Le Symbolisme Médiéval de la Destinée de Baġdād. Arabica. 9(3): 249-250.

Mas’udi. (trans. 1989). The Meadows of Gold. London: Kegan Paul.

Mattar, P. (2004). Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East & North Africa. Detroit, MN: Macmillan.

Mitchell, D. (1995). The End of Public Space?. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 85(1): 108-133.

Muir, W. (1883). Annals of the Early Caliphate, from original sources. London: Smith, Elder & Co.

Myers, S. L. (2011). Iraq Restores Monument Symbolizing Hussein Era. New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/06/world/middleeast/06iraq.html

Nassar, H. (1992). Rihlat Ibn Jubayr. Cairo: Maktabat Misr.

Negoita, A.M. (2011). The City of Mansure the Builder. Romanian Review of Political Sciences and International Relations. 8(2): 111-126.

Nielsen, H.C.K., & Skovgaard-Petersen, J. (2001). Middle Eastern cities, 1900-1950. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press.

Ouroussoff, N. (2003). In Search of Baghdad; Patron of Fear. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://articles.latimes.com/2003/dec/15/entertainment/et-ouroussoff15

Polsevice Cronsulting Engineers. (1973). Comprehensive Development Plan for Baghdad 2000. Warsaw: Polservice Consulting Engineers.

Powers, R.S. (2012). Protest, Power and Change. London: Routledge.

Prendergast, W.J. (1915). The Maqámát of Badí‘ Al-Zamán Al-Hamadhání. London: Luzac & Co.

Pusca, A. (2008). The Aesthetic of Change: Exploring Post-Communist Spaces. Global Society. 22(3): 369-386.

Pyla, P. (2008). Back to the Future: Doxiadis’s Plans for Baghdad. Journal of Planning History. 7(1): 3-19.

Randall, E. (2014). Reconstruction and Fragmentation in Beirut. Working Papers: Divided Cities/Contested States. 29.

Rappaport, H. (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. Oxford: ABC CLIO.

Roose, E. (2009). The Architectural Representation of Islam: Muslim-commissioned Mosque Design in the Netherlands. Leiden: Amsterdam University Press.

Said, E.W. (1978 [2014]). Orientalism. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.

Shabout, N. (2014). Whose Space Is It?. Roundtable. 263: 163-165.

Snir, R. (2013). Baghdad: the city in verse. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Sourdel, D. (1962). Baġdād, Capitale du Nouvel Empire Abbāside. Arabica. 9(3):

- 265.

Susa, A. (1952). Atlas Baghdad. Baghdad: Al-Masaha Al-Ama Printing.

Swyngedouw, E. & Kaika, M. (2000). The environment of the city or . . . the urbanisation of nature. In G. Bridge and S. Watson (eds.) Companion to Urban Studies. Oxford: Blackwell

Tabari. (trans. 1989-1999). The History of Al-Tabari. Albany, NY: SUNY press.

Tavernier, J. (1677). The Six Voyages of John Baptista Tavernier. London: Printed by William Godbid.

Turner, V.W. (1969). The Ritual Process. Chicago: Aldine Pub. Co.

UNESCO (2003). Call to protect and preserve Iraqi Cultural Heritage.

Retrieved December 23, 2015, from http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/17412/10717613393Brochure_Iraq.pdf/Brochure%2BIraq.pdf.

UNESCO (2011). Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. Retrieved December 23, 2015, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/638

Widmer, T. (2014) Walter Gropius’ Lost Architectural Dream for Iraq. The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 26, 2015, from https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2014/08/02/walter-gropius-lost-architectural-dream-for-iraq/raRIOjzPUBY1NovMwwYbBN/story. html

Yaacobi, A. (1996). Development of the theory of the institution of hisbah in medieval Islam. University of Edinburgh Literatures, Languages, and Cultures PhD thesis collection.

Yamada, S. (1985). Baghdad 1979-83. Tokyo: Process Architecture Publishing Company.

Young, I.M. (1990). Justice and the Politics of Difference. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press.

Zahm, J.A. (1922). From Berlin to Bagdad and Babylon. New York: D. Appleton and Co.